Unit 17: Self & Family

1. Self-Concept

Definition:
Self-concept is the idea, perception, or understanding a person has about themselves. It includes beliefs, values, feelings, and attitudes about who they are.

Types of Self-Concept:

1. Positive Self-Concept: A child sees themselves as capable, valued, and able to learn. Example: “I am good at drawing.”

2. Negative Self-Concept: A child sees themselves as inadequate or unable. Example: “I cannot learn mathematics.”

Characteristics:

• Positive: Confident, motivated, responsible, willing to participate.

• Negative: Shy, anxious, avoids tasks, easily discouraged.

Strategies to Improve Self-Concept:

• Provide positive feedback.

• Encourage participation in class activities.

• Assign achievable tasks.

• Teach self-reflection and goal setting.

Classroom Application:
Teachers can organize activities where learners identify their strengths and write them down. For example, “My Strengths” charts or self-introduction activities.

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2. Family Types and Functions

Definition of Family:
A family is a group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption living together and supporting each other.

Types of Families:

1. Nuclear Family: Consists of father, mother, and children living together.

2. Extended Family: Includes relatives such as grandparents, uncles, aunts, and cousins living together or supporting each other.

3. Single-Parent Family: Only one parent (mother or father) with children.

4. Childless Family: Couples without children but living together.

Functions of the Family:

• Provide emotional support and love.

• Ensure economic support (food, clothing, shelter).

• Teach moral values and social norms.

• Provide education and guidance to children.

• Protect members from harm and danger.

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3. Roles in the Family

• Father: Provides financial support, discipline, and protection.

• Mother: Provides care, emotional support, and teaches life skills.

• Children: Follow rules, respect parents, help with household chores.

Classroom Application:

• Ask learners to draw their family tree.

• Role-play family roles to show responsibilities.

• Discuss the importance of each family member in daily life.

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Unit 18: Deviant Behaviour

1. Meaning

Deviant behaviour refers to actions or behaviours that go against societal norms or rules. These behaviours are usually seen as undesirable or unacceptable.

Examples: Lying, stealing, bullying, vandalism.

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2. Forms of Deviant Behaviour

1. Minor Deviance: Small acts like skipping school, telling lies, not following instructions.

2. Major Deviance: Serious acts like theft, violence, and drug abuse.

3. Positive Deviance: Rare behaviours that differ from norms but have beneficial outcomes, e.g., a student innovating a solution not taught in school.

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3. Control Measures

• Teaching moral and civic values.

• Implementing school rules consistently.

• Parental guidance and supervision.

• Counselling and mentoring for at-risk learners.

• Promoting peer support and role models.

Classroom Application:

• Conduct discussions on consequences of deviant behaviour.

• Use stories or local proverbs to teach morals.

• Reward positive behaviour to encourage conformity to good norms.

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Unit 19: Inheritance & Gender

1. Ghanaian Inheritance Systems

Definition: Inheritance refers to the passing down of property, money, or rights from one generation to another after death.

Types in Ghana:

1. Patrilineal Inheritance: Property passes from father to son. Common in northern and some southern Ghanaian communities.

2. Matrilineal Inheritance: Property passes from mother to children, often nephews (mother’s brother’s son). Common among Akan communities.

3. Customary and Statutory Systems: Modern Ghana allows wills and statutory inheritance laws to override traditional customs in some cases.

Classroom Application:

• Teach learners the differences using local examples.

• Create role-play activities where learners simulate inheritance scenarios.

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2. Gender Concepts and Terminology

Definition of Gender:
Gender refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviours, and expectations assigned to males and females.

Key Terms:

• Sex: Biological differences (male/female).

• Gender Equality: Equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities for all genders.

• Gender Stereotypes: Preconceived ideas about what males or females should do.

Classroom Application:

• Discuss examples of gender roles in society.

• Encourage both boys and girls to participate in all classroom activities.

• Challenge stereotypes through stories or group discussions.

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Unit 20: Citizenship & Environment

1. Citizenship Education

Definition: Citizenship education teaches individuals about their rights, responsibilities, and roles in the community and nation.

Importance:

• Promotes civic responsibility.

• Encourages participation in national development.

• Fosters national unity and respect for the law.

Ways to Acquire Citizenship in Ghana:

• By birth (born to Ghanaian parents).

• By registration (application to Ghanaian authorities).

• By naturalization (foreigners becoming citizens through legal procedures).

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2. Rights and Responsibilities

Rights:

• Right to education, healthcare, freedom of expression, voting.

Responsibilities:

• Obey laws.

• Pay taxes.

• Respect others’ rights.

• Participate in community service.

Classroom Application:

• Discuss what it means to be a responsible citizen.

• Role-play civic duties, e.g., obeying rules, voting simulations.

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3. Environmental Preservation

Definition: Protecting and maintaining the natural environment for present and future generations.

Key Actions:

• Proper waste disposal and recycling.

• Planting trees and protecting forests.

• Conserving water and energy.

• Avoiding pollution (air, water, soil).

Classroom Application:

• Organize environmental campaigns in school.

• Conduct tree planting or cleanup activities.

• Teach learners about local environmental issues.

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