This section tests your basic scientific understanding and your ability to apply science logically to real-life and operational situations, especially those related to security, environment, health, and decision-making in immigration work.

The focus is understanding concepts, not memorization of complex science.

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5.1 PHYSICS

Physics explains how things move, interact, and use energy. In GIS aptitude tests, physics questions are usually simple and practical.

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5.1.1 Motion

Motion is the change in position of an object with time.

• An object is in motion if it changes position relative to a reference point.

• An object is at rest if it does not change position.

Examples

• A vehicle crossing a border → in motion

• A parked patrol car → at rest

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Speed

Speed tells us how fast something is moving.

Formula

Speed = Distance ÷ Time

Units

• Distance → meters (m), kilometers (km)

• Time → seconds (s), hours (h)

• Speed → m/s or km/h

Example
A patrol vehicle travels 120 km in 3 hours.

Speed = 120 ÷ 3
Speed = 40 km/h

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Types of Speed

Type	Meaning
Constant speed	Speed does not change
Variable speed	Speed changes
Average speed	Total distance ÷ total time

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Acceleration

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

• Occurs when an object speeds up, slows down, or changes direction.

Formula

Acceleration = (Final Velocity − Initial Velocity) ÷ Time

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Force

A force is a push or pull that can:

• Move an object

• Stop an object

• Change direction

• Change shape

Formula

Force = Mass × Acceleration

Units

• Mass → kilograms (kg)

• Acceleration → m/s²

• Force → Newton (N)

Example
If a vehicle of mass 1,000 kg accelerates at 2 m/s²:

Force = 1000 × 2
Force = 2000 N

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Energy

Energy is the ability to do work.

Types of Energy

Type	Explanation
Kinetic Energy	Energy of motion
Potential Energy	Stored energy
Chemical Energy	Energy in fuel/food
Electrical Energy	Energy from electricity

Kinetic Energy Formula

Kinetic Energy = ½ × Mass × Velocity²

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Work

Work is done when a force moves an object.

Formula

Work = Force × Distance

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5.2 CHEMISTRY

Chemistry studies matter, its composition, and how substances change.

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5.2.1 Matter

Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.

States of Matter

State	Characteristics
Solid	Fixed shape and volume
Liquid	Fixed volume, no fixed shape
Gas	No fixed shape or volume

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5.2.2 Elements

An element is a substance made of only one type of atom.

Examples

• Oxygen (O)

• Hydrogen (H)

• Iron (Fe)

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5.2.3 Compounds

A compound is formed when two or more elements chemically combine.

Examples

• Water (H₂O)

• Carbon dioxide (CO₂)

• Salt (NaCl)

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5.2.4 Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction occurs when substances change into new substances.

Signs of Chemical Reaction

• Change in color

• Heat released or absorbed

• Gas produced

• Formation of a solid (precipitate)

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Acids, Bases, and Salts

Substance	Characteristics
Acid	Sour taste, turns blue litmus red
Base	Bitter taste, turns red litmus blue
Salt	Product of acid + base

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Importance of Chemistry to GIS

• Understanding dangerous substances

• Handling chemicals at borders

• Identifying illegal substances

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5.3 BIOLOGY

Biology studies living organisms, including humans.

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5.3.1 Human Body Systems

Digestive System

• Breaks food into nutrients

• Main organs: mouth, stomach, intestines

Respiratory System

• Helps in breathing

• Supplies oxygen to the body

• Organs: lungs, nose, trachea

Circulatory System

• Transports oxygen, nutrients, and blood

• Organs: heart, blood vessels

Nervous System

• Controls body activities

• Organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves

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5.3.2 Health and Disease

• Communicable diseases: spread from person to person

  • Examples: COVID-19, cholera, tuberculosis

• Non-communicable diseases: not spread

  • Examples: diabetes, hypertension

Importance for GIS

• Border health screening

• Disease prevention

• Public safety

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5.3.3 Environment and Living Things

• Plants produce food through photosynthesis

• Animals depend on plants directly or indirectly

Photosynthesis Formula

Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen

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5.4 EARTH & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

This area focuses on nature, climate, and resource management.

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5.4.1 Climate and Weather

Term	Meaning
Weather	Daily atmospheric condition
Climate	Average weather over many years

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5.4.2 Natural Resources

Resources provided by nature.

Types

Renewable	Non-Renewable
Water	Minerals
Forests	Oil
Solar energy	Gas

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5.4.3 Environmental Problems

• Pollution

• Deforestation

• Climate change

• Desertification

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5.4.4 Sustainability

Sustainability means using resources wisely so future generations can also benefit.

Examples

• Tree planting

• Proper waste disposal

• Energy conservation

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5.5 ANALYTICAL THINKING

Analytical thinking is the ability to:

• Interpret data

• Identify patterns

• Draw conclusions

• Make decisions based on evidence

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Data Interpretation Example

Day	Number of Travelers
Monday	120
Tuesday	150
Wednesday	130
Thursday	160
Friday	140

Average Formula

Average = Total ÷ Number of Days

Average = (120 + 150 + 130 + 160 + 140) ÷ 5
Average = 700 ÷ 5
Average = 140

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SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT FORMULAS

Speed = Distance ÷ Time
Force = Mass × Acceleration
Work = Force × Distance
Kinetic Energy = ½ × Mass × Velocity²
Acceleration = (Final Velocity − Initial Velocity) ÷ Time
Average = Total ÷ Number of Values

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